The threat of invasion was Elizabeth's main problem when she became From 1566 the Pope had instructed English Catholics to take part in recusancy, and by 1570 a Papal Bull had been issued excommunicating Elizabeth and stating that English Catholics had no need to have loyalty towards their Queen and instead should help overthrow her. Drake was the first English person to achieve this (and the second person in history at the time). Use your outline Elizabeth and Philipthese two powerful peoplewould begin their relationship peacefully, even warmly, but they would become enemies, facing off in a battle of empires and faiths that would . Calais was a French port which the English had occupied and was responsible for 80% of wool exports. Apple Ordered to Pay Optis Wireless $300 Million in Second LTE Patent Trial. The death of Mary in November 1558 took England out of the equation. Most people in . All Catholic priests are ordered to leave the country. Surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. West Yorkshire, The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. The strength of this relationship was shown by the fact that French troops were stationed on the English and Scottish border. This focused on dividing the poor into the able-bodied and the impotent. Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? Why Queen Elizabeth I signed a death warrant to execute the - HISTORY J. Pope refused to accept the divorce and marriage and as a result Catholics in England in 1558 did not accept Elizabeth as a legitimate monarch. Elizabeths legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. [Clear link back to the question at the end of the paragraph here.]. She pledged to finance an army of 7,400 English troops and placed Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in charge of them. It had to deal with Irish . Tudor Rebellions: Causes & Timeline - Video & Lesson Transcript - Study.com As such, the Catholic community cited both religious and legal reasons why Elizabeth had no right to be Queen, which made her accession extremely problematic. On the show, Francis has a tumultuous relationship with his wife, Mary, and their inability to conceive a child is a major source of conflict between them. In total, less than 10000 men and half the fleet made it back to Spain. Roberto di Ridolfi was an Italian banker who played a small role in the Revolt of the Northern Earls. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeths role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. LS23 6AD Abroad, however, was another matter as Marys execution inflamed Catholic opposition and increased the threat of foreign invasion. Edward VI - Wikipedia The plots involved European conspirators and were supported by France, Spain and even the Pope. The raid on Cadiz proved to be a major setback for King Phillips plans to invade England and delayed the Armada by more than a year. As the closest person to God in the eyes of the Catholics, obeying the Pope was of paramount importance and this meant Elizabeth had to be suspicious of other Catholic threats at home. Francis Drake led an attack at Cadiz on the Spanish fleet, who were preparing for an invasion of the English. There are 4 main exam boards used in the UK. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement - World History Encyclopedia Mary was forced to flee following her unsuccessful attempt to win back her Scottish throne. Who was Queen Elizabeth enemies? - idswater.com 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. 214 High Street, Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. Naval support by the English proved to be more effective for the Dutch rebels and a fleet of English ships patrolled the Dutch coastline to prevent the Spanish from landing some of their forces by sea. Born 7th September 1533 , Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Also, the activities of English pirates', who looted Spanish ships, caused problems between Spain and England. The plan was then for the combined forces would then sail across the Channel to England under the protection of the Armadas warships. You may use the following in your answer: Mary, Queen of Scots and foreign threat (12 marks) . Am I doing my History A-Level coursework correctly? The second concern of legitimacy again comes from the marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. [Relative comparison made to inform the judgement here shows instantly criteria are being established, helping to signpost the rest of the answer.]. No Payment details required and completelyRisk Free. Elizabeth made England protestant, which caused tension with the rest of Europe as they were heavily catholic (such as Spain and France). Boston Spa, King Philip of Spain sent an. Marys clear awareness and support of the Babington plot led to her being sentenced to death in October 1586. Religion was the most serious problem facing Elizabeth in 1558? How far English exports to Europe were vital to the English economy and reached the European market via the Dutch ports, particularly Antwerp. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. Elizabeth hesitated for several months, however, eventually signed Marys death warrant. This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. The first being Elizabeth's refusal of marriage to Phillip if Spain. Boston House, Spain and France were the major European powers. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd explanation. It was a turning point: the rest of Elizabeth's reign was bedevilled by plots and rumours of Catholic rebellion. Company Reg no: 04489574. Henry himself gave people cause . English ships were went on many voyages of discovery and established valuable trade routes with India and the far east. - Overall, I think the threat of invasion was one of Elizabeth's problems when she became queen as both Spain and France were powerful countries who had reasons to invade England and this was increased as Spain and France could unite against Protestant England. He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. Elizabeth I - the last Tudor monarch - was born at Greenwich on 7 September 1533, the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Another serious contender was Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Duke of Anjou. This issue of divorce creates problems for Catholics. Elizabeth delayed the opening of this Parliament that had originally been summoned in the autumn of 1588 in response to the defeat of the Spanish Armada for as long as she could afford to, knowing that the Commons would be eager to broach two topics, religious debates and foreign policy, that she usually reserved to her prerogative. Dudleys campaign in 1586-1587 proved to be unsuccessful and he suffered heavy defeats at the hands of the Spanish general, the. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeths predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. Save. France, Spain and Scotland were all Catholic countries in 1558. The most formidable female leaders in history - Stars Insider 1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. Catholics and Queen Elizabeth I - BBC Bitesize August 3rd - 4th: Spanish ships were outgunned and forced to move to Calais in France. Elizabeth increased her financial commitment to the cause of the Dutch rebels and hired mercenary soldiers to intervene in the conflict under the leadership of John Casimir. Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17th November 1558 to 24th March 1603. Two influential Catholic families the Percys and the Nevilles plotted alongside the Duke of Norfolk to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with the Catholic, Mary, Queen of Scots (who now resided in England). "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - conclusion. The victory over the Spanish was not just a military success for England, but it also helped to strengthen Elizabeths rule over the country. In 1554 Mary had Elizabeth imprisoned in the Tower of London, briefly threatened her with execution, and then placed her under house arrest. There were a number of factors that contributed to the English victory and Spanish defeat which included English strengths, Spanish weaknesses, as well as luck itself. Although her small kingdom was threatened by grave internal divisions, Elizabeth's blend of shrewdness, courage, and majestic self-display inspired ardent expressions of loyalty and helped unify the nation against foreign enemies. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation. - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. When Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558 her people were divided by religion. -Threats from Catholics in the middle years were significant e.g. Elizabeth I: Facts About The 'Virgin Queen', Daughter Of Anne Boleyn Overview of Elizabeth I / Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. However, the settlement was abandoned and no trace of the colonists was ever found. The Spanish plan to meet the Duke of Parma at Dunkirk was seriously flawed. The treaty also stated that Mary would give up her claim to the English throne, although this was not formally agreed by Mary. The Spanish invasion didnt go according to plan when the Spanish Armada was launched in 1588. Importantly too, at different points these plots were orchestrated or sponsored by the Pope and Spain and were dependent on the support of English Catholics to work, demonstrating the increasing Catholic threat to Elizabeth, internationally and domestically. Another being the English sympathy to the protestant rebels on the Netherlands. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). The plots were often uncovered due to Elizabeths informants and Walsinghams highly efficient spy network. She raised an army following her escape from prison but was defeated at Langside (Glasgow). LS23 6AD She was able to fight off illness, rebellions . Their union had brought peace between Spain and England, and Elizabeth's Privy Council hoped to maintain this. DOCX www.oasisacademywintringham.org During this journey, they encountered several powerful Atlantic storms and this resulted in many ships sinking or being wrecked on the Scottish and Irish coasts. It was estimated that Drake returned with approximately 400,000 of Spanish treasure from regular raids of Spanish ports in South America. Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. Edward was succeeded by Mary, who in turn ruled for five years until her death in 1558. As Catholics do not believe in divorce it means that the marriage between Henry and Catherine was never dissolved, and therefore, the marriage with Anne never happened, and as a result of this Elizabeth was an illegitimate child and had no right to the throne of England. PDF Mark Scheme (Stage 8 Sign Off) November 2020 With no clear military successes for Dudley, he resigned his post in 1587 and returned to England. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. English canons could also be reloaded more quickly than the Spanish ones allowing them to inflict greater damage. He was a protestant and head of his country; however England viewed Sweden as a mediocre power and not a nation to be linked with in marriage. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. Her sister, Mary, had made Roman Catholicism the official religion of the country, but many of the people were. The reasons for, and consequences of, the English victory. Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. Therefore, I disagree with the statement. However, there were other challenges facing Elizabeth. Why was the Catholic threat greater by the 1580s? -Elizabeth forced to impose strict penalties against Catholics (penal laws) which enforced religious settlement and protected England against Catholic influence. He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. After his successful raid on Cadiz, Drake sailed along the coast of Portugal and Spain, seizing Spanish ships and destroying supplies that were being sent to Lisbon for the Armada. These problems all led to supply issues for the Spanish Armada and had a major impact on the morale of the Spanish troops. 1560 - death of francis II, Mary returns to scotland as queen. - Quite a significant political threat as both France and Spain had the power to invade England. This meant that Elizabeth was declared illegitimate as her claim to the throne comes through the marriage of Anne to Henry. They never met with the Duke of Parma and were forced to sail around the British Isles. The early Tudors, 1485-1558 | Institute of Continuing Education (ICE) - large religious threat as shows the chance of invasion increased due to the fact Spain and France could unite together against England. This was one of the more serious courtships of Elizabeth's reign. The features and significance of the Ridolfi, Throckmorton and Babington plots. Instead, Drakes plan was to attack the port of Cadiz, which wasnt as well defended. Pick a key scene from the story and tell it from the third-person limited point of view, through Doodle's senses and feelings. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. They had enjoyed religious freedom under Queen Mary, Elizabeth's sister, and they were now being. Following Marys death, there were no more major Catholic plots during Elizabeths reign. Mary, Queen of Scots had been linked to Catholic plots before, but Elizabeth had always been reluctant to take any action against her. A number of Catholic plots to remove Elizabeth in the 1570s and 1580s had his involvement although he was reluctant and half-hearted in their execution. After her death in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth I preceded the throne and she tried to re-establish Puritanism in England. On the death of Mary and the accession of Elizabeth, many hard-line Protestants returned from mainland Europe (where they had fled for their own safety during the reign of Mary) in the full expectation that they were returning to a state where Protestantism was the one and only . Elizabeth I: a biography. What he meant by this was he had inflicted significant temporary damage on the Spanish Armada and it would regrow in time. Most of the new ships were being built in the deepwater port Portuguese port of Lisbon which was protected by strong fortifications. Many people did not want a foreigner influencing England policy. As Phillip was a devout Catholic, he disliked Elizabeths religious settlement and Protestanism. Foreign threat: Spain and France were the most powerful countries in Europe and were Catholic. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. The English navy attempted some minor raids but they were largely ineffective as only 2 Spanish ships were lost, and these were by accident. The rebellion involved a force of approximately 5500 men and, for approximately a month, the north of England (from Alnwick to Pontefract, east of the Pennines) was in the control of the northern earls. Describe two threats posed by Mary Queen of Scots to Elizabeth in 1568 4. Looking back at historical examples, it might be because they did a . Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. . Level 4 is about analysis supported by a detailed line of reasoning, so embracing counter-arguments like this are encouraged (so long as they can be explained).]. From allies to enemies: Queen Elizabeth and King Philip - History Mary, Queen of Scots, flees from Scotland to England. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. This peace treaty between England and France ended the war inherited by Elizabeth from her half-sister Mary I, who went to war alongside her Spanish husband Philip II in 1557. Norfolk was also expected to marry Mary. VAT reg no 816865400. migration? The relationship with Spain and King Phillip II was at a low point in 1587 as the two countries were at war over the Netherlands. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st explanation. Boston Spa, 14-16 / Elizabeths legitimacy becomes a problem because of this marriage. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! (1583) was a threat to Queen Elizabeth. With the seemingly imminent war between Spain only a matter of time, Elizabeth was determined to rid England of the enemy within. John White (another leading colonist) sailed back to England to report on the problems being experienced. Elizabeth and the Netherlands Issue - 1576-1584 (GCSE Example - Tutor2u