coming from the territory of present-day South Sudan over a period spanning multiple centuries. PUBLISHED: 27/01/2023. According to the Bor Lango alongside the other Luo groups in Uganda and Kenya following several waves of migration Acholi live in Northern Uganda, in the districts Kitgum, Pader and Gulu. "[21] In discussing the peace talks of 20052007, Latigo noted leaders who called for a revival of the traditional processes of the indigenous people by which they worked for accountability and justice, namely, mato oput. Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", p. 90-92, Branch, A. Customs may reinforce social justifications for inequitable land rights for men and women. Given the anti-Museveni sentiment of most Acholis, the LRA's inability to mobilize support - or to at least avoid repudiation by its own ethnic base - is remarkable. from sexual conduct, over blackmailing and stealing, to killing someone (Vincent, 2012, pp. other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany Most political organizations take the form of a voluntary association of persons or organizations that pools its members' and constituents' financial and other resources, and engages in conventional political actions to affect policy-making outcomes. "[9], Milton Obote, the first leader after independence, relied on Acholi Luo people and Langi Nilo Hamites or Ateker peoples in government. [11], After defeating Okello and his Acholi-dominated Uganda National Liberation Army, now-President Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Army conducted revenge killings in the north. This cookie is set by Stripe payment gateway. 13.4 Organizational Politics - Organizational Behavior These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. This term then They were approached in regard to such general concerns as good health, fertility, and appeals or thanks for good harvests in ceremonies that usually emphasized the consciousness, cohesiveness, and continuation of their respective groups as functioning corporate entities. Dholuo Once chiefdoms were established, Acholi religious beliefs focused on three types of spirits (jogi; sing. [26] However, it successfully popularised the LRA in the West. Then a final dance and feast takes place at a time chosen to make possible the maximum attendance by relatives and other interested people. a civil resistance movement started forming in the region. The conflict", UGANDA: 1,000 displaced die every week in war-torn north - report | Uganda | Refugees/IDPs, UGANDA/DRC: OPERATION RUDIA II UPDATE 2009-06-29, "The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Section 1 - Uganda", Sample of written Acholi from the Language Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acholi_people&oldid=1142669727, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. [9], In the 2000s, James Ojent Latigo described some of Uganda's social problems as based on the way the political elites have used ethnicities to divide the country. With colonial rule came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the authority of a district commissioner. The movement hopes to strengthen the political and economic power of women in society and so push back destruction of the natural environment. to the land by Kuturia caused a lot of death in the sub-region of Acholi. (p. 34). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Despite their common language and ethnic designation, the Acholi of Uganda and the southern Sudan have distinct origins and developed along different historical trajectories; the remainder of this cultural summary will focus on the more populous Uganda Acholi. This disorder in Acholi contrasts sharply with the solid organisation of Buganda, which always has a centralized, well-thought out and weighted responses to critical issues such as land and political contention that affect the kingdom. The personal and group loss resulting from death is acknowledged as real and permanent. According to Latigo, prior to colonialism, "the Acholi people maintained a traditional government that was rooted firmly in their religious beliefs, norms, and customs, which demanded peace and stability in Acholiland at all times, based on their philosophy of life. This structure was maintained by the real anointed chiefs of the Acholi, the rwodi moo. Malandra, Alfred (1939). Traditional beliefs, however, still persist, often meshed with Christian doctrine in complex ways. The insurgency's military. Following the latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. His stated political aims are to rule Uganda according to the Biblical Ten Commandments. Identification. Certain rwodi and Though some sense of a community and identity has persisted among residents, the area is characterized by substandard housing, poor environmental health and limited livelihood opportunities. 1544957. This book presents seminal anthropological works from that period by p'Bitek himself and by Frank Girling, who was researching among the Acholi when p'Bitek was a teenager. time was critical to the social and political development of the region. [CDATA[ for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the Ethnohistory 36(1): 19-43. LRA, after losing support from the local population, also turned on the people of northern second Milton Obote regimes, however, as well as of the various rebel This conflict lasted until 2008 and ended with the LRA fleeing to Eastern The first leader was Kuturia as mentioned Contemporary versions or amalgams of these practitioners continue to function in Acholi. They were also against the power consolidation approach of the NRA, which included mass arrest, torturing, killing, cattle raiding, food crop destruction, and looting and burning of villages. Identification. laws of social life among the Acholi were set up by the elders of the clans, regulating everything Political Organization. B.A. Led by Alice Auma, who claimed to Used by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user uses the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website. Political organisation - Wikipedia This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Apoko, Anna (1967). Peace negotiations to end the long-running rebellion by the Lords Resistance Army continued, while security in the north improved through 2007. These rebellions sprung up in defiance and from disapproval of the conduct and legitimacy of the new NRA government. From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and - CORE sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. (1991). Behrend, Heike (1991). In 2009, Acholi was one of the six Ugandan languages identified as having more than one Political Organization. The Taxpayer First Act, Pub. Acholi people - Wikipedia By the mid-nineteenth century, about 60 small chiefdoms existed in eastern Acholiland. Under Amins brutal regime, an estimated 300,000 died many of them Acholi. organisation to survive, a common identity had to form to support this new social structure of Milton Obote (196271, 198085). Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. The Tonga occupy much of Southern Province in Zambia (formerly No, ETHNONYMS: Batswana, Bechuana (colonial appellation) others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators Boys and girls are typically socialized into distinct gender roles, and do household and other chores accordingly. - CORE Encyclopedia.com. From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and . M.A. with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. [26] Conservative approaches estimates that at least 300,000 people died in the conflict that extended into the Sudan, Congo and Central African Republic. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. [18] It is important because it is intended to restore communities to balance, and to bring people back into relation in their home communities, where ideally they would return at the end of the war. 1.84 million people, mostly Acholi, lived in 251 different Internal Displaced Person camps. journalist who created an account of the history and traditions of the Acholi, wrote that the portrayed this relationship in his account as rather hostile and negative: Most of these Arabs carrying business of slave trade were coming from Egypt, they A new sociopolitical orderand the basis of an Acholi identitywas established when chiefly institutions and ideology were introduced into Acholi by Luo-speaking Paluo from the neighboring kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara. "Against Humanitarian Impunity: Rethinking Responsibility for Displacement and Disaster in Northern Uganda,", Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", pp. The conflict had dramatic effects on the local against the central government. Religious Practitioners. The Acholi or Acoli are part of Luo-speaking Nilotic people of East Africa who lives predominantly in Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, and Pader; and Magwe County in South Sudan. Conflict. Forging Forgiveness: Collective Efforts Amidst War in Northern Uganda With the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan in 2005, and the establishment of the ex-rebel government in newly independent South Sudan in territory in which the LRA once operated freely, those lines of support have been substantially weakened, if not severed altogether. Hier sind Acholi-Frauen dafr bekannt, . Movement. (Byrnes, 1990, p. 6), did the Acholi not arrive in their present-day area before the 15th century The data collected including the number visitors, the source where they have come from, and the pages visted in an anonymous form. fight the Arab slave traders and his colonial administration was viewed as not very invasive Approximately 2.1 million Acholi were counted in the Uganda census of 2014, and 45,000 more were living in South Sudan in 2000.[4]. into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. Most prominent among them was the Uganda People's Army (UPA) in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, the Uganda People's Democratic Army, the Holy Spirit Movement and the LRA in the Acholi region. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Domestic Unit. Dholuo, which is spoken in in the West of Kenya. Occasional Paper no. Colonial rule brought the penetration of a money economy into Acholi, along with the establishment of numerous rural and small-town trading centers and the two major urban centers of Gulu and Kitgum, where a range of local and imported goods are available. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Uganda Journal 7(1): 27-43. The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Sections 3 - 5 - Uganda The government of Uganda has responded to the conflict by adopting both military and general amnesty strategies. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. deaths. ETHNONYM: Karanga (historical) A Study of the Acooli Language: Grammar and Vocabulary. With the coming of the ivory and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. Identification. "Kony's Message: A New Koine?". In . Starting in the late seventeenth century, a new sociopolitical order developed among the Luo of Northern Uganda, mainly characterized by the formation of chiefdoms headed by Rwodi (sg. Localized patrilineal lineages, some of which have "brother" lineages of the same or different name in other parts of Acholi, have long been the fundamental social and economic units in Acholi. These include Christian marriage (with or without bride-wealth), elopement, and single parenthood. the Lords Resistance Army (LRA), echoing some of the spiritual themes used by the Holy Spirit were able gain wealth by trading mainly in ivory. Socialization. in the Western Nilotic branch of Nilo-Saharan. Death of Oulanyah exposes Acholi as proud and loud without leadership Apart from hundreds of thousands of deaths and tens of thousands being abducted, Uganda Journal 19(1): 57-61. Orientation Kasozi, A. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was The Acholi Traditional Approach to Justice and the War in Northern Kitgum, Pader and Gulu, the three districts of the Acholi sub-region, each established peace forums for continuing discussions. The account of the Acholi reaching be possessed by a spirit named Lakwena, the so-called Holy Spirit Movement fought a rebellion Organizational politics are informal, unofficial, and sometimes behind-the-scenes efforts to sell ideas, influence an organization, increase power, or achieve other targeted objectives (Brandon & Seldman, 2004; Hochwarter, Witt, & Kacmar, 2000). In addition to these six languages, some authors also classify Labwor (Ladefoged, Idi Amin (197179) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into With the coming of the ivory Apart from land, the rights to which were passed on equally to all sons, the eldest son was traditionally the designated heir of the father's property, although he was supposed to provide for the needs of his younger brothers. Political organizations are those engaged in political activities (e.g., lobbying, community organizing, campaign advertising, etc.) Although polygyny has often been presented as an ideal, limited means have always made it rare in practice. formations in the form of chiefdoms and kingdoms by the end of the first millennium A.D. last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. heard of gun sound, they were used to only lightning thunder sound. The (unpublished thesis) Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International . Then in Kenya and Tanzania are the Joluo also known as the Luo. Finally a common social order and political culture developed, and new society and Large, dry-season hunts were an important part of the precolonial economy; these gradually decreased in significance as the varied roster of both large and small game animals dwindled over the twentieth century. "In 1997, the Catholic, Anglican, Muslim, and later the Orthodox religious leaders of Acholi formalized their increasing cooperation on peace issues by setting up the Acholi Religious Leaders' Peace Initiative (ARLPI). Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed However, this rebellion was defeated when it attempted to attack Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. More commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the majority peasant population. Luo peoples - Wikipedia The Acholi dialect is a Western Nilotic language, classified as Luo (or Lwo). This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. The Luo, (also spelled Lwo) are several ethnically and linguistically related Nilo-Semitic ethnic groups that inhabit an area ranging from Egypt and Sudan to South Sudan and Ethiopia, through Northern Uganda and eastern Congo (DRC), into western Kenya, and the Mara Region of Tanzania. This trade brought new wealth into Acholi that was unevenly accumulated, with rwodi and interpreters (and eventually their sons and other kinsmen) the major beneficiaries. The state is a form of human association distinguished from other social groups by its purpose, the establishment of order and security; its methods, the laws and their enforcement; its territory, the area of jurisdiction or geographic boundaries; and finally by its sovereignty . The first government chiefs, appointed from 1912 onwards, represented a measure of continuity with the pre-colonial order, since they were nearly all drawn from the ranks of the clan leaders. more. (p. 34). 13.4 Organizational Politics | Organizational Behavior - Lumen Learning Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. Girling (1960) notes that as late as 1950 there was still no system of individual land tenure in Acholi; however, such tenure has become increasingly common since independence. This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy McKenna. The size and nature of this occasion depend on the age and status of the deceased, with the most lavish and festive celebrations taking place when the person who died was both aged and important. We hope you find it interesting. Wright, A. C. A. The long civil war in the North has destroyed much of their society. Trade. Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. The cookie is used to calculate visitor, session, campaign data and keep track of site usage for the site's analytics report. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. Significantly, iron-ore deposits were located mainly at or just beyond the western, northeastern, southeastern, and southern boundaries of what became Acholi, and trade for this iron created networks of movement and interaction that helped determine a collective identity within these boundaries. In most chiefdoms, only members of designated lineages could make or repair royal drums. The LRA received much of its financial, logistical and military support from the Khartoum government in neighbouring Sudan. The northerners also contributed to the further evolution of an Acholi identity, not only by introducing the name "Shuuli," which eventually became "Acholi," but by acting in ways that promoted Acholi as a meaningful ethnic and geographic entity. This in turn forged new political entities and identities as well as wider social relations. Farming and hunting dominated the live in this rural At the peak of the conflict, 90% of the Acholi population moved into IDP camps designed as protected villages. The chiefs traditionally came from one clan, and each chiefdom had several villages made up of different patrilineal clans. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Instead, the Acholi were integrated in the He and others have suggested it could help the nation more than adopting the Western system of the International Criminal Court at The Hague (although some charges had already been filed against LRA leaders in 2005 there. Dwyer, John O. Luo people - Wikipedia Until 1967 Uganda was a quasi-federal polity that included five subregional monarchies, non-monarchical districts, and a central government. The n, Mende majority peasant population. The Acholi have small chiefdoms of one or more villages, each with several patrilineal clans. Girling, F. K. (1960). Due to its central location and the close While Bantu speaking groups had begun to occupy Due to a changing economy, after the 1950s, fewer Acholi was recruited to the armed forces but continued to be associated with them in popular mythology and stereotypes. It was filmed by Australian director Ebony Butler, Simon Hardwidge and Ugandan author Frey Onen. When conflict did occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few deaths. The Acholi of Uganda. PUBLISHED: 30/01/2023. 2 I Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just b Bride-wealth has varied over time but has usually included iron objects, domestic animals, and, in the twentieth century, money. With independence, the Acholi remained marginal within the framework of Uganda as a whole, with one crucial exception: their disproportionate numbers in the police and army. Lineage heads, assisted by lineage elders, organized both production (based on cooperative village-lineage labor) and reproduction (through the control of the material means and ideological rules of marriage). 1orthern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab N - ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. (1970) 'State formation and fragmentation in Agago, Eastern Acholi', This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 19:17. century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both The essential lawlessness of the Idi Amin and second Milton Obote regimes, however, as well as of the various rebel groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful social control in the area. Kuturia Housein fired the first gun shot on Acholiland who had never seen and Orientation 23 Feb. 2023 . Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Since the Lords Resistance Army was largely pushed out of Northern Uganda, the majority of Acholi more than 80 per cent have been able to return to their homes. The old staples of eleusine (finger) millet, sorghum, sesame, and various peas, beans, and leafy green vegetables continue to be grown, along with twentieth-century crops such as cassava, maize, peanuts (groundnuts), fruits, and cotton. As a result, many widowed Acholi have been unable to access their land on return to their homes. Some Acholi mothers exclaim that they do not know their sons after they have been away in the army. The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Crazzolara, J. P. (1950-1954). Since independence, formal schooling has provided a strong socializing influence from outside the home for more and more Acholi, especially those attending secondary school. Classics in African Anthropology - International African Institute The cookie is set by Facebook to show relevant advertisments to the users and measure and improve the advertisements. [1994], p. 80). All members of the household acknowledge the authority of its head, the husband; each wife or other adult female in the household has traditionally had her own fields, granaries, and kitchen or cooking hut. Numbering more than one million at the turn of the 21st century, they speak a Western Nilotic language of the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan family and are culturally and historically related to their traditional enemies, the neighbouring Lango. The civil war devastated the lives and livelihoods of the Acholi people of the north. At the height of the insurgency, some 1.8 million people were living in camps in the north, and due to a combination of LRA activities and the Ugandan armys counter-offensives virtually the entire population of Acholiland was displaced. ." "At Home in the Village: Growing Up in Acholi." Land Tenure. During the later nineteenth century, the emergent Acholi became involved in the international trade in ivory and slaves, which were exchanged mainly for cattle, beads, blankets, cotton cloth, and firearms. This cookie is set by Youtube. somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth Acholiland or "Acoli-land" (also known as the Acholi sub-region) is a necessarily inexact ethnolinguistic taxonomy that refers to the region traditionally inhabited by the Acholi. The system values peace over justice, and has retributive and restorative aspects. Each clan was administered by a council of elders chosen because of their outstanding military performance and because of their senior position in the community. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. [10], The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the long insurgency of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony, an Acholi from Gulu. Diversity Management in Sudan's Democratic Transitional Arrangements: Technical Paper 1, January 2023. state, political organization of society, or the body politic, or, more narrowly, the institutions of government. Political Organization. of the West Nile, to the north by the South Sudan, to the east by the Karamojong region, to the, 23 Each Ugandan district has a language board responsible for implementing policies on indigenous language. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. Required electronic filing by tax-exempt political organizations. Their traditional communities were organised hamlets of circular huts with high peaked roofs, furnished with a mud sleeping-platform, jars of grain and a sunken fireplace. the furthest back is the historical reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), who described the Identification. Payera chiefdom and in 1911 they established here the Gulu township (Whitmire, 2013, pp. In the administrative structure of Uganda, Acholi is composed of the districts of: It encompasses about 28,500km2 (11,000 square miles) near the Uganda-Sudan border.[5]. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Pre-colonial Phase." While rwodi, "[20] They have continued to work to end the war through negotiation. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. As of September 2009, large numbers of Acholi people remain in camps as internally displaced persons. Encyclopedia.com. The Southern Lwoo language group commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector
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